Phytochemistry and bioactivity studies of seleted Malaysian Calophyllum and Garcinia species

Abstract

Natural products from plant origin are well known to have important biological activities against many illnesses for several decads. Guttiferae is distributed in tropical area, with 27 genera and almost 1090 species. Many isolated compounds from Guttiferae showed significant biological properities. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the presence of new potential anti-proliferative, anti-microbial and antioxidant compounds from selected species of Malaysian Calophyllum and Garcinia genera. In the phytochemistry study, Calophyllum canum, C. rubiginosum, C. depressinervosum and Garcinia malaccensis were extracted successively by using two methods, i.e., maceration and soxhlet extractor, using different polar solvents, followed by purification by using several chromatographic techniques. The purification yielded ten pure compounds from the selected species; and elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques, i.e., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectrometry (MS), Infrared (IR) and Ultraviolet (UV). C. canum yielded five pure compounds, identified as trapezifolixanthone (96), taraxerone (97), taraxerol (98), 1,1’’,3,7’’-tetrahydroxy-7-methyl-8,6’’,8’’-tris(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-3’’’’,3’’’’- dimethyl-2H,6H-pyrano[3’’,2’’]bisxanthen-9,9’’-dione (99) and 1,6-dihydroxy-3’,3’- dimethyl-4-(3’’-methyl-2’’-butenyl)-2H,6H-pyrano[3,2]xanthen-9-one (100). C. rubiginosum and C. depressinervosum yielded same compound, identified as friedelin (101). G. malaccensis yielded four compounds, identified as β-mangostin (102), cycloart-24-en-3β-ol (103), α-mangostin (104) and 1,3,5-trihydroxy-7methoxy-2,8- bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)xanthen-9-one (105). The biological activity studies were aimed to evaluate the activity of isolated compounds by using several assays. Cytotoxicity, anti-microbial and anti-oxidant tests were employed. The antiproliferative activity of 96, 98, 100, 102, 104 and 105 against A549 cell line showed significant effect (IC50: 119.3, 59.5, 49.9, 43.6, 22.6 and 20.7 ?M) respectively. Compound 96, 101, 102, 104 and 105 showed significant effect against MCF-7 cell line (IC50: 88.4, 55.0, 14.0, 24.3 and 18.4 μM) respectively. In addition, 98, 100 showed significant effect against C33A cell line (IC50: 126.5 and 150.2 μM) respectively. Compound 102 showed significant effect against HSC-3 and K562 cell line (IC50: 0.31 and 0.38 μM) respectively. While, compound 105 showed activity also against K562 cell line (IC50: 0.64 μM). The morphology of treated cell lines indicated to observe an apoptosis and triggering necrosis cell death using scanning electron microscope. Compound 104 showed considerable activity against P. aeruginosa (MIC: 0.3 mM and MBC: 0.61 mM). The purified compounds were showed moderate antioxidant activity like quercetin. In conclusion, the present study has isolated two new compounds (99 and 105). As well as, the significant anti-proliferative potential and moderate anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant agents of Malaysian Calophyllum and Garcinia genera. The isolated compounds that showed new anti-proliferative activity need for further investigation that may lead to development of new anticancer agent.