The application of calligraphy in mosques : case studies in Egypt, Turkey and Malaysia

Abstract

In most of the mosques in the Islamic world, calligraphy is part and parcel of their interior design. The art of calligraphy that developed from Semitic alphabet reached the golden age during the Abbasid period. Besides calligraphy, the art of mosques’ decoration also combines the arabesque, geometry and vegetal patterns. Based on that there is no clear prohibition to decorate mosques, calligraphy and other ornamentation is allowed on condition that it is done with the intention of enhancing the respects and dignity of the mosque. Adopting the historical and descriptive research method, three mosques from Egypt and Turkey respectively and five mosques from Malaysia were chosen via purposive sampling. Cairo offers a fair overview of mosque styles since they have been influenced from many different ruling empires. In Turkey, a very important role in the calligraphy development was undoubtedly played by the encouragement and protection given by the Sultāns as verified by their magnificent mosques. In Malaysia, the interiors and exteriors of mosques also have wonderful examples of Islamic calligraphy, with local calligraphers sometimes working side by side with foreign calligraphers to ensure the best results. The Islamic Arts Museum (IAMM) Kuala Lumpur displays a special role in Islamic Arts and Architecture in Malaysia as there is a gallery dedicated to calligraphy and architecture. Jāwi script is considered to be an endangered script although there are still enthusiasts who exercise Jāwi for a limited purpose. The findings had answered all the research questions. The study that across a thousand years reveal that the Thulth script is evergreen and the most preferable style in mosques followed by Kūfī and Nasta‛līq. The most common theme of Qur’ānic inscriptions in mosques is the Shahādah, followed by themes that illustrate the relationship between man and the Creator, Muslim’s responsibilities and the role of mosque in their life.