BRITISH COLONIAL POLICIES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN MALAY PENINSULA, 1920s – 1970s

Abstract

This study examines the intricate dynamics of ethnic relations among the Malay, Chinese, and Indian communities in Malaya, subsequently known as Malaysia. The basis of this research is based on the ethnic relations between the aforementioned ethnicities and ethnic conflicts. In the contemporary Malaysia, ethnic relations often align along divisive lines, particularly evident in the political arena, occasionally resulting in ethnic conflicts and tensions. This raises the question: How does this phenomenon persist despite the country’s liberation from colonial rule six decades ago? To understand this situation, this research delves into history and explores the influence of British colonialism, the lengthiest colonial power in the region. The advent of British colonial rule significantly reshaped ‘Tanah Melayu’ through the introduction of various policies. By focusing on the enduring impact of British colonialism and the implementation of policies such as education, decentralisation, land reservation, open-door trade, and the coolie system, this study investigates their role in exacerbating ethnic conflicts in Malaya. Employing primarily qualitative methods supplemented by quantitative analyses, this research scrutinises historical statistics, census data, archival records, and scholarly literature to elucidate the multifaceted nature and gradual escalation of strained ethnic relations. Through these methodologies and sources, this study underscores the influence of British colonialism in accentuating ethnic distinctions among the major ethnic groups. It concludes that the British colonial legacy significantly contributed to the intensification of ethnic differences, leading to deep-seated cultural divisions and subsequent tensions. By shedding light on the enduring impact of British colonial policies on the ethnic landscape of Malaya, this research provides valuable insights into the origins of intergroup tensions and emphasises the importance of addressing historical legacies in contemporary efforts to foster social cohesion and harmony.