الزندقة في القرون الخمسة الأولى الهجرية وتعامل المحدثين معها : دراسة تحليلية

Abstract

This study aims to analyse the movement of Zandaqah that emerged in the pre-Islamic period and included the Islamic Society in terms of the heritage of Ḥadith. In this context, the origin of Zandaqah, the ideas attributed to Zanadiqa, its entry into the history of Islam and its effects are discussed. Thus, in terms of 'ilm al-Ḥadith, the basis of the concept of Zandaqah, which has been considered critical throughout history is revealed. Furthermore, the position of Ḥadīth culture against Zandaqah; the partake of the narrations about Zanadiqa is evaluated in the light of the criticisms of Aṣḥab al-Ḥadith against the Zanadiqa and the polemic books they wrote. It is one of the main focuses of the study on which plane and in what style the debates, mainly on creed, are handled by the Aṣḥab al-Ḥadith. However, the dialogues of the Muḥaddithūn with the Zanadiqa are analysed in terms of the effects of Zandaqah in the above-mentioned areas, in the field of Riwayah and Dirayah, which are the basis of 'ilm al-Ḥadith. In particular, the discussion of the objectivity of the position of Zanadiqa, which are most associated with the activities of the Waḍ' al-Ḥadith, their influence on the 'ilm al-jarḥ and ta'dil, and the identity of people who are described as Zanadiqa in the books of riwayah written by Muḥaddithun that constitute the main problems of the study. Thus, a perspective of the position of Zanadiqa is presented from the point of view of 'ulum Riwayah al-Ḥadith. Finally, the method put forward by Muḥaddithun in the field of Dirayah in ʿilm al-Ḥadith has been examined in terms of the implications of Zandaqah. In this research, it is revealed that the struggle against Zanadiqa was very effective at the stage of the formation of Ḥadith literature. This also makes it possible to understand to what extent the methodology put forward by Muḥaddithun in understanding and interpretation of al-aḥadith is affected by the idea of Zandaqah. All in all, the research reveals that Zandaqah is a very important phenomenon in the history of 'ilm al-Ḥadith and Muḥaddithun. The research adopted some methods for its nature, the analytical method by studying the sayings of the Muḥaddithun and Zanadiqa after collecting and confirming the controversial issues between them, and the inductive method to follow the sayings of scholars and Muḥaddithun in explaining this topic, by relying on Ḥadith sources, especially the compilers of the Muḥaddithun, and the comparative approach to clarify the differences ه that occurred between the Muḥaddithun and Zanadiqa. Finally, this research reached several results, the most important of which is that the main reasons for accusing the Muḥaddithun of Zandaqah in the first five centuries of the hijrah were related to doctrinal issues about refuting the attributes of Allah, or their perverted interpretation, the claim of creating the Qur’an, and dealing with theology. Based on this, it was found that some of these justifications were aimed at the idea of Zandaqah; But most of them singled out the weaker party in discussions of creed, except Ḥadith scholars. This is a situation that can be explained by the semantic expansion of the concept of Zandaqah. Likewise, the majority of contemporary studies in the field of Ḥadith history and its sciences indicate that Zanadiqa played a prominent role in the process of Waḍ' al-Ḥadith and the number of fabricated Ḥadiths that were said and put up by Zanadiqa to tens of thousands, however, contrary to general acceptance, Zanadiqa does not play a leading role in Waḍ' al-Ḥadith. Despite this, the Zandaqah movement has indirectly affected the field of Riwayah and Dirayah. In particular, Muḥaddithun developed new methodologies for the emergence of the science of Jarh and Ta'dil and the interpretation of Ḥadith.